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<</nobr>><main><h1>Death by Drowning</h1><p>The Variational Form (also known as “<b>Theme and Variation Form</b>”) is a musical structure in which a key theme, idea, or motif is presented and repeated with some level of rearrangement and transformation.
While these types of variation are related to the formal aspects of the theme, <b>variations on the semantic and conceptual level</b> analyse and create connections based on subtext and context, and are closer to the field of <b>archival practice</b> and cataloguing.
We here explore this “variation on variation” by focusing on the theme of “death by drowning”, a concept which seems to emerge repeatedly in several pieces of media. We have pinpointed 5 particularly relevant pieces of music and have discovered (and keep discovering) new and surprising connections between them.
Because the connections were established on highly subjective terms, the archive represents <b>a self-portrait of the author</b>, being based solely on their general culture and studies.</p></main><<nobr>>
<footer>[[Five Fathoms Deep]]
[[When I am laid in earth]]
[[Cantus in Memoriam]]
[[Drowning by Numbers]]
[[Oliver James]]
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<td>[[Oliver James]]</td>
<td><h1>Five Fathoms Deep</h1></td>
<td>[[When I am laid in earth]]</td>
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<div class="hero">
<div id="fivefathoms"></div>
<a class="herolink" href="https://youtu.be/dNYdtR890js?t=10" target="_blank" id="fivefathoms_topping"></a>
</div><</nobr>><main><div class="poem"><p>Full fathom five thy father lies;
Of his bones are coral made;
Those are pearls that were his eyes:
Nothing of him that doth fade
But doth suffer a sea-change
Into something rich and strange.
Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell:
Ding-dong.
Hark! now I hear them — ding-dong, bell.</p></div><p>“Five Fathoms Deep” (or "Full fathom five" in the original Shakespeare text) is the beginning of the second stanza of "Ariel's song", a verse passage in Act I Scene II of <b>William Shakespeare</b>'s play “<b>The Tempest</b>” (1610–1611).
It implicitly addresses Ferdinand, prince of Naples, who, with his father, has just gone through a shipwreck in which the father supposedly drowned.
“The Tempest” was adapted into an opera by English composer <b>Thomas Adès</b> with a libretto in English by Meredith Oakes.
The opera received its world premiere at the Royal Opera House in London on 10 February 2004.
"The Tempest" has been adapted into film many times. Notable adaptations include "Forbidden Planet" (1956), Derek Jarman's 1979 film, <b>Peter Greenaway's "Prospero's Books" (1991)</b>, and Julie Taymor's 2010 film.
"Full fathom five" was set to music by others composers such as <b>Henry Purcell</b>, Vaughan Williams, Micheal Tippet (with notable performers being Peter Pears and <b>Benjamin Britten</b>) and <b>Michael Nyman</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Totentanz]]
[[William Shakespeare]]
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<td>[[Five Fathoms Deep]]</td>
<td><h1>Dido’s Lament</h1></td>
<td>[[Cantus in Memoriam]]</td>
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<div id="dido"></div>
<a class="herolink" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMBGOCr22po" target="_blank" id="dido_topping"></a>
</div><</nobr>><main><div class="poem"><p>Thy hand, Belinda. Darkness shades me.
On thy bosom let me rest.
More I would, but Death invades me.
Death is now a welcome guest.
When I am laid, am laid in earth,
May my wrongs create
No trouble, no trouble in thy breast;
Remember me, remember me, but ah! forget my fate.
Remember me, but ah! forget my fate.</p></div>
<p>“Dido's Lament” (also known as "When I am laid in earth") is an aria from <b>Henry Purcell</b>’s 1689 opera “<b>Dido and Aeneas</b>”. It is sung by Dido, queen of Carthage, as she prepares to end her life after being abandoned by the Trojan prince Aeneas.
Dido's Lament opens with a descending chromatic fourth line, spanning a perfect fourth with all chromatic intervals filled in. The ground bass is repeated eleven times throughout the aria, thus structuring the piece in the form of a chaconne.
The American songwriter and guitarist <b>Jeff Buckley</b> performed the aria at the Meltdown Festival in London in 1995. Buckley died on May 29 1997 while swimming in <b>Wolf River Harbor</b> in Tennessee. The <b>death</b> was ruled an <b>accidental drowning</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Henry Purcell]]
[[Posthumous Publishing]]
[[Corpus Christi Carol]]
[[Benjamin Britten]]
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<td>[[When I am laid in earth]]</td>
<td><h1>Cantus in Memoriam</h1></td>
<td>[[Drowning by Numbers]]</td>
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<a class="herolink" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZghvB2ZGC8" target="_blank" id="part_topping"></a>
</div><</nobr>><main><p>“Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten” is a short canon in A minor, written in 1977 by the Estonian composer <b>Arvo Pärt</b>, for string orchestra and bell.
The cantus was composed as an elegy to mourn the death of the English composer <b>Benjamin Britten</b> in December 1976 .
Pärt greatly admired Britten, and described the British composer as possessing the "unusual purity" that he himself sought in music.
The work is based on a simple idea, a descending A-minor scale (doubled with Pärt’s Tintinnabuli technique) in the form of a prolation canon.
The use of a prolated descending scale echoes the aria “<b>Now the Great Bear</b>” from Britten’s 1944 opera “<b>Peter Grimes</b>”, where the orchestra part is organised with a similar structure. In the opera, <b>a Suffolk fisherman</b> is shunned and persecuted by his community for the unclear circumstances behind the death of his apprentices. At the end of the opera, having become mad with grief, he <b>sinks his boat and drowns</b>.</p>
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[[Benjamin Britten]]
[[Minimalism]]
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<td><h1>Drowning by Numbers</h1></td>
<td>[[Oliver James]]</td>
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<a class="herolink" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PLJAk8-4A4" target="_blank" id="drowning_topping"></a>
</div><</nobr>><main><p>“Drowning by Numbers” is a 1988 British-Dutch film directed by Peter Greenaway.
The film centres on three married women — a grandmother, her daughter, and her niece — each named Cissie Colpitts. As the story progresses, each woman successively <b>drowns her husband</b>.
The soundtrack was composed by <b>Michael Nyman</b> and includes a series of variations on motifs from <b>Mozart</b>’s 1779 “<b>Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola, and Orchestra</b>”. The second movement of the Sinfonia is played for each scene one of the husbands is being drowned.
Nyman has written the soundtrack for many films, including Greenaway's "<b>Prospero's Books</b>" (1991) and "The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover" (1989), and Jane Campion's "The Piano" (1993).</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Five Fathoms Deep]]
[[Sinfonia Concertante]]
[[Minimalism]]
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<td><h1>Oliver James</h1></td>
<td>[[Five Fathoms Deep]]</td>
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<div class="hero">
<div id="oliver"></div>
<a class="herolink" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQikg2_n6GM" target="_blank" id="oliver_topping"></a>
</div><</nobr>><main><div class="poem"><p>On the way to your brother's house in the valley, dear,
By the river bridge, a cradle floating beside me.
In the whitest water on the bank, against the stone,
You will lift his body from the shore and bring him home.
On the kitchen table that your grandfather did make
You and your delicate way will slowly clean his face
And you will remember when you rehearsed the actions of
An innocent and anxious mother full of anxious love.
Walk with me down Ruby Beach and through the valley floor
Love for the one you know more.
Back we go to your brother's house emptier, my dear,
The sound of ancient voices ringing soft upon your ear.
Oliver James, washed in the rain
No longer.
Oliver James, washed in the rain
No longer.</p></div>
<p>“Oliver James” is the 11th track from the eponymous debut studio album by American folk band <b>Fleet Foxes</b>, released on June 3, 2008.
While the extact events described in the song are unclear, one reading suggests that a couple comes upon the <b>lifeless body of an infant on a stream</b>. They bring the baby home and tend to it, cleaning it, and then take the body to a beach for burial.
The cover art for the album is a detail of the 1559 painting "Netherlandish Proverbs" by <b>Pieter Bruegel the Elder</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]
[[The Lake of Innisfree]]
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[[Five Fathoms Deep]]
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<td>[[Finnegans Wake]]</td>
<td><h1>Totentanz</h1></td>
<td>[[William Shakespeare]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>The Danse Macabre (also called the Dance of Death, Totentanz, or Dodedans), is an artistic genre of allegory of the Late Middle Ages on the universality of death.
The Danse Macabre consists of the dead or a personification of death summoning representatives from all walks of life to dance along to the grave, typically with a pope, emperor, king, child, and laborer. It was produced as memento mori, to remind people of the fragility of their lives and how vain were the glories of earthly life.
Its origins are postulated from illustrated sermon texts; the earliest recorded visual scheme was a now-lost mural at Holy Innocents' Cemetery in Paris dating from 1424 to 1425.
Notable examples of the genre include Bernt Notke’s c. 1475 painting in St Nicholas' Church, Tallinn, Estonia, Hans Holbein’s woodcut series, and <b>Pieter Bruegel the Elder</b>’s 1562 oil painting “The Triumph of Death”.
The genre is also applied in music, most commonly by reworking the plainchant setting of the “Dies Irae” sequence.
The motif is used by British composer <b>Thomas Adès</b> in his 2013 oratorio “Totentanz”, which is inspired by the 15th-century frieze in St. Mary's Church, Lübeck.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]
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[[Five Fathoms Deep]]
[[Benjamin Britten]]
[[Henry Purcell]]
[[William Blake]]
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<td>[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]</td>
<td><h1>William Shakespeare</h1></td>
<td>[[Gormenghast]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist.
He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").
His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His most well known plays include "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Macbeth", "King Lear", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", and "<b>The Tempest</b>".
Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
Scholars have identified 20,000 pieces of music linked to Shakespeare's works. These include operas and song cycles by <b>Henry Purcell</b>, Giuseppe Verdi, <b>Benjamin Britten</b>, and <b>Thomas Adès</b>.
Shakespeare has also inspired many artists, especially among Romantics and the Pre-Raphaelites, as well as Henry Fuseli and <b>William Blake</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]
[[William Blake]]
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<td>[[Minimalism]]</td>
<td><h1>Paradise Lost</h1></td>
<td>[[Posthumous Publishing]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>"Paradise Lost" is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consists of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout.
It is considered to be Milton's masterpiece, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.
The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden.
Critics have long wrestled with the question of why an antimonarchist and defender of regicide such as Milton should have chosen a subject that obliged him to defend monarchical authority embodied by God.
<b>William Blake</b> famously wrote in "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell":</p>
<div class="poem"><p>"The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & God, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true Poet and of the Devil's party without knowing it."</p></div></main><<nobr>>
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<header>[[Totentanz]][[Oliver James]]</header>
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<tr><td>[[Virginia Woolf]]</td>
<td><h1>Pieter Bruegel the Elder</h1></td>
<td>[[Henry Purcell]]</td></tr></table>
<</nobr>><main><p>Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder (c. 1525–1530 – 9 September 1569) was the most significant artist of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so-called genre painting); he was a pioneer in making both types of subject the focus in large paintings.
He is sometimes referred to as "Peasant Bruegel", to distinguish him from the many later painters in his family, including his son Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1564–1638). From 1559, he dropped the 'h' from his name and signed his paintings as Bruegel; his relatives continued to use "Brueghel" or "Breughel".
Notable paintings include "The Hunters in the Snow", "<b>Netherlandish Proverbs</b>", "<b>The Triumph of Death</b>", and "<b>The Fall of the Rebel Angels</b>".</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[It is ill to go against the flow]][[Paradise Lost]]
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[[When I am laid in earth]]
[[Benjamin Britten]]
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<td>[[Totentanz]]</td>
<td><h1>Henry Purcell</h1></td>
<td>[[Benjamin Britten]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>Henry Purcell (c. 10 September 1659 – 21 November 1695) is generally considered to be one of the greatest English composers; no later native-born English composer approached his fame until Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Gustav Holst, William Walton and <b>Benjamin Britten</b> in the 20th century.
Purcell composed religious anthems, secular songs, instrumental pieces, odes, music for plays and 'semi-operas', including <b>“Dido and Aeneas”</b> (1688), one of the first English operas, “King Arthur” (1691), “The Fairy Queen” (1692), and “The Indian Queen” (1695).
Purcell died in 1695 at the height of his career. The cause of his death is unclear: one theory is that he caught a chill after returning home late from the theatre one night to find that his wife had locked him out. Another is that he succumbed to tuberculosis.
His younger brother, Daniel Purcell, was also a prolific composer, wrote the music for much of the final act of “The Indian Queen” <b>after his brother Henry's death</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Posthumous Publishing]]
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[[Henry Purcell]]
[[Gormenghast]]
[[William Blake]]
[[When I am laid in earth]]
[[Virginia Woolf]]
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<td>[[Paradise Lost]]</td>
<td><h1>Posthumous Publishing</h1></td>
<td>[[It is ill to go against the flow]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>Posthumous: from Latin "posthumus", a variant spelling of "postumus", superlative form of "posterus" (“<b>coming after</b>”), the "h" added by association with "humus" (“<b>ground, earth</b>”) referring to burial.
Posthumous publishing is the release of an artist or an author's material <b>following their death</b>.
Because of the suddenness of this event, such material is often unfinished. Any attempt to complete the work requires a great deal of effort to interpret the author's true intentions and to stay faithful to their style.
Posthumous publishing can also occur when a set of works or the artist or author themselves, while <b>unpopular in life</b>, are rediscovered and given new value by others.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[When I am laid in earth]]
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<td><h1>2</h1></td>
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<td></td><td><h1>Corpus Christi Carol</h1></td>
<td>[[The Lake of Innisfree]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><div class="poem"><p>He bore him up, he bore him down,
He bore him into an orchard brown.
Lully, lullay, lully, lullay!
The falcon has borne my mate away.
In that orchard there was a hall
That was hanged with purple and pall;
Lully, lullay, lully, lullay!
The falcon has borne my mate away.
And in that hall there was a bed:
It was hanged with gold so red;
Lully, lullay, lully, lullay!
The falcon has borne my mate away.
And in that bed there lies a knight,
His wounds bleeding day and night;
Lully, lullay, lully, lullay!
The falcon has borne my mate away.
By that bed's side there kneels a maid,
And she weeps both night and day;
Lully, lullay, lully, lullay!
The falcon has borne my mate away.
And by that bed’s side there stands a stone,
"The Body of Christ" written thereon.
Lully, lullay, lully, lullay!
The falcon has borne my mate away.</p></div>
<p>The Corpus Christi Carol (or “The Falcon Carol”) is a Middle or Early Modern English hymn, first transcribed by an apprentice grocer named Richard Hill around 1504.
Several interpretations have been offered over the meaning of the text. Eamon Duffy writes that "there can be no question whatever" that the carol's "strange cluster of images" are derived "directly from the cult of the Easter sepulchre, with its Crucifix, Host, and embroidered hangings, and the watchers kneeling around it day and night."
There are others who believe the knight could be the Fisher King of Arthurian myth, charged with keeping the Holy Grail, but blighted with a wound that never heals.
British composer <b>Benjamin Britten</b> used the text in the fifth variation of “A Boy was Born” (Choral Variations For Mixed Voices), Opus 3, in 1933. The text was combined with Christina Rossetti's "In the Bleak Midwinter".
Singer-songwriter <b>Jeff Buckley</b> included his interpretation of Britten’s version on his debut 1994 album, “Grace”. About his version Buckley said:</p><div class="poem"><p><i>"The 'Carol' is a fairytale about a falcon who takes the beloved of the singer to an orchard. The singer goes looking for her and arrives at a chamber where his beloved lies next to a bleeding knight and a tomb with Christ's body in it."</i></p></div></main><<nobr>>
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[[Benjamin Britten]]
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[[Corpus Christi Carol]]
[[When I am laid in earth]]
[[Cantus in Memoriam]]
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<td>[[Henry Purcell]]</td>
<td><h1>Benjamin Britten</h1></td>
<td>[[Sinfonia Concertante]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
<</nobr>><div class="britten"></div><main><p>Edward Benjamin Britten (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was a British composer, conductor, and pianist.
He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other vocal music, orchestral and chamber pieces.
Britten arranged many of <b>Henry Purcell</b>'s vocal works for voice(s) and piano in his “Purcell Realizations”, including <b>“Dido and Aeneas”</b>. Britten’s “The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra” is based on a theme from <b>Henry Purcell</b>'s “Abdelazar”.
Other notable works include the opera <b>“Peter Grimes”</b> (1945), the <b>“War Requiem”</b> (1962), and the song cycle <b>“Songs and Proverbs of William Blake”</b> (1965).
Britten also performed by others, such as Bach's Brandenburg Concertos, <b>Mozart symphonies</b>, and song cycles by Schubert and Schumann.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Gormenghast]]
[[War Requiem]]
[[Henry Purcell]]
[[William Blake]]
[[Sinfonia Concertante]]
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[[Cantus in Memoriam]]
[[Drowning by Numbers]]
</header>
<table>
<col style="width:20%">
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<td></td>
<td><h1>5</h1></td>
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<td>[[War Poets]]</td>
<td><h1>Minimalism</h1></td>
<td>[[Paradise Lost]]</td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><p>Minimal music (also called minimalism) is a form of art music or other compositional practice that employs limited or minimal musical materials. Prominent features of minimalist music include repetitive patterns or pulses, steady drones, consonant harmony, and reiteration of musical phrases or smaller units.
Minimalist composers include John Adams, Louis Andriessen, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, and <b>Arvo Pärt</b>.
The word "minimal" was perhaps first used in relation to music in 1968 by <b>Michael Nyman</b>, who describes it as</p><div class="poem"><p>... any music that works with limited or minimal materials: pieces that use only a few notes, pieces that use only a few words of text, or pieces written for very limited instruments, such as antique cymbals, bicycle wheels, or whiskey glasses. It includes pieces that sustain one basic electronic rumble for a long time. It includes pieces made exclusively from recordings of rivers and streams. It includes pieces that move in endless circles. It includes pieces that set up an unmoving wall of saxophone sound. It includes pieces that take a very long time to move gradually from one kind of music to another kind. It includes pieces that permit all possible pitches, as long as they fall between C and D. It includes pieces that slow the tempo down to two or three notes per minute.</p></div></main><<nobr>>
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[[Benjamin Britten]]
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<td><h1>4</h1></td>
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<td>[[William Shakespeare]]</td>
<td><h1>Gormenghast</h1></td>
<td>[[War Requiem]]</td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><p>Gormenghast is a fantasy series by British author Mervyn Peake, about the inhabitants of Castle Gormenghast, a sprawling, decaying, Gothic structure.
Originally conceived as a single on-going novel, <b>the series was ended by Peake's death</b> and comprises three novels: “Titus Groan” (1946), “Gormenghast” (1950) and “Titus Alone” (1959), and a novella, “Boy in Darkness” (1956), whose canonical status is debated. Peake was writing a fourth novel, “Titus Awakes”, at the time of his death in 1968; <b>the book was later completed by Peake's widow Maeve Gilmore</b> in the early 1970s. After it was discovered by their family, it was published in 2009.
Peake began writing the first book of the series when first enlisted in the Army during <b>World War II</b>.
The first editions of the books were never officially illustrated, and were rather filled with drawings and sketches found in the original manuscripts (Peake being <b>an accomplished artist as well as a writer and poet</b>).
The first two books are set in the huge castle of Gormenghast, a vast landscape of crumbling towers that has for centuries been the hereditary residence of the Groan family.
Life in the castle is strictly regulated by a series of rituals that are performed mechanically though their meaning are lost to time.
The books focus on the coming of age of Titus Groan, heir to the earldom, and the rise of Steerpike, an ambitious kitchen boy who manipulates and murders his way to power.
Steerpike is eventually unmasked as a traitor and murderer. He is hunted down as the castle is flooded by a rainstorm. <b>Titus’s sister, Fuchsia</b>, one of the many whom Steerpike had betrayed, <b>accidentally drowns</b> during this time. Steerpike is eventually killed by Titus.
Titus, however, has grown increasingly overwhelmed by the responsibilities and constrictions of his rule, and flees the castle to explore the wider world (described in the third book of the series "Titus Alone").
The books are a curious amalgam of fantasy, comedy, and horror, and don't fit easily into any known genre. They've been described as the finest imaginary feat in the English novel since <b>James Joyce’s “Ulysses”</b>.
<b>Benjamin Britten</b> had contemplated composing an opera based on the trilogy in the 1950s, but then decided against it. The series was eventually adapted into an opera by German composer Irmin Schmidt in 1998.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[It is ill to go against the flow]]
[[Writer Artists]]
[[War Poets]]
[[Posthumous Publishing]]
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<header>
[[Benjamin Britten]]
[[The Lake of Innisfree]]
[[Finnegans Wake]]
</header>
<table>
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<td></td>
<td><h1>4</h1></td>
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<td>[[War Requiem]]</td>
<td><h1>William Blake</h1></td>
<td>[[Virginia Woolf]]</td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><p>William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and engraver. Though <b>in his lifetime his work was largely neglected or dismissed</b>, he is now considered one of the leading lights of English poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age.
He wrote and designed several illuminated books, printing them through relief etching (a variation on traditional etching of his invention), and is largely known for his so called “prophetic works”, mystical and inspired allegories based on and often rebelling against events and ideas of his time.
Blake is considered the Romantic writer who has exerted the most powerful influence on the twentieth century. <b>William Butler Yeats</b>, who edited an edition of Blake's collected works in 1893, drew on him for poetic and philosophical ideas. He influenced the beat poets of the 1950s and the counterculture of the 1960s, and is frequently cited by such seminal figures as beat poet Allen Ginsberg, and songwriters Bob Dylan and Jim Morrison.
His poetry came into use by a number of British classical composers such as <b>Benjamin Britten</b> and Ralph Vaughan Williams, who both wrote song cycles based on his “Song of Innocence and Experience”.
</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Writer Artists]]
[[Posthumous Publishing]]
[[William Shakespeare]]<br>
[[Paradise Lost]]
[[It is ill to go against the flow]]
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[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]
[[William Blake]]
[[Virginia Woolf]]
</header>
<table>
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<td></td>
<td><h1>5</h1></td>
<td></td>
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<td>[[Posthumous Publishing]]</td>
<td><h1>It is ill to go against the flow</h1></td>
<td>[[Writer Artists]]</td>
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</table>
<div class="illtoswim"></div><</nobr>><main><p>"It is ill to swim against the flow" is one of the proverbs included in <b>Pieter Bruegel the Elder</b>'s "Netherlandish Proverbs".
It can mean that it is difficult to oppose the general opinion, to act or behave in opposition or contrary to what is generally understood, assumed, practiced, or accepted, often at one's own disadvantage, but also that it is futile to challenge that which cannot be changed.
</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[William Blake]]
[[Gormenghast]]
[[Virginia Woolf]]
</header>
<table>
<col style="width:20%">
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<td></td>
<td><h1>5</h1></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[It is ill to go against the flow]]</td>
<td><h1>Writer Artists</h1></td>
<td>[[War Poets]]</td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><p>Writer artists (also known as artist authors) are professional artists in the visual arts who also wrote books, or writers who illustrated their own works or whose art played a significant role in their creative process.
Famous writer artists include Giorgio Vasari, Gian Paolo lomazzo, <b>William Blake</b>, William Morris, Sylvia Plath, and <b>Mervyn Peake</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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<header>
[[War Requiem]]
[[Gormenghast]]
[[Virginia Woolf]]
</header>
<table>
<col style="width:20%">
<col style="width:60%">
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<td></td>
<td><h1>5</h1></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
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<td>[[Writer Artists]]</td>
<td><h1>War Poets</h1></td>
<td>[[Minimalism]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>A war poet is a poet who participates in a war and writes about their experiences, or a non-combatant who writes poems about war.
While the term is applied especially to those who served during the First World War, the term can be applied to a poet of any nationality writing about any war, including Homer's Iliad, from around the 8th century BC as well as poetry of the American Civil War, the Spanish Civil War, the Crimean War and other wars.
Notable war poets include <b>William Butler Yeats</b>, Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Salvatore Quasimodo, and <b>Mervyn Peake</b>.</p></main><<nobr>>
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<header>
[[Oliver James]]
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<td></td>
<td><h1>2</h1></td>
<td></td>
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<td>[[Corpus Christi Carol]]</td>
<td><h1>The Isle of Innisfree</h1></td>
<td></td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><div class="poem"><p>I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honey-bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade.
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;
There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet’s wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,
I hear it in the deep heart’s core.</p></div>
<p>"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is a twelve-line poem comprising three quatrains, written by <b>William Butler Yeats</b> in 1888. The poem exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival: it is an attempt to create a <b>form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards</b> set by English poets and critics. It expresses the speaker's longing for the peace and tranquillity of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting.
Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill, a freshwater lough (lake) mainly situated in County Sligo, but partly in County Leitrim, in Ireland. Its origin is explained in the following metrical dinnsenchus:</p>
<div class="poem"><p>"Bright Gile, Romra's daughter, to whom every harbour was known, the broad lake bears her name to denote its outbreak of yore.
The maiden went, on an errand of pride that has hushed the noble hosts, to bathe in the spray by the clear sand-strewn spring.
While the modest maiden was washing in the unruffled water of the pool, she sees on the plain tall Omra as it were an oak, lusty and rude.
Seeing her lover draw near, the noble maid was stricken with shame: <b>she plunged her head under the spring yonder: the nimble maid was drowned</b>.
Her nurse came and bent over her body and sat her down yonder in the spring: as she keened for Gile vehemently, she fell in a frenzy for the girl.
As flowed the tears in sore grief for the maiden, the mighty spring rose over her, till it was a vast and stormy lake.
Loch Gile is named from that encounter after Gile, daughter of Romra: there Omra got his death from stout and lusty Romra.
Romra died outright of his sorrow on the fair hill-side: from him is lordly Carn Romra called, and Carn Omra from Omra, the shame-faced Loch Gile here is named from Gile, Romra's daughter."</p></div>
<p>Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many of their songs, including "The Shrine/An Argument", "Isles", and "Bedouin Dress".</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[William Blake]]
[[Finnegans Wake]]
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[[Benjamin Britten]]
[[Drowning by Numbers]]
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<td></td>
<td><h1>3</h1></td>
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<td>[[Benjamin Britten]]</td>
<td><h1>Sinfonia Concertante</h1></td>
<td>[[Finnegans Wake]]</td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><p>The Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra in E♭ major, K. 364 (320d) was written by <b>Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</b> in 1779.
At the time of its composition Mozart was on a tour of Europe where he had been exploring the sinfonia concertante genre, and the work is considered his most successful realization in this cross-over genre between symphony and concerto.
Variations on the slow second movement were used for the soundtrack to the 1988 Peter Greenaway film <b>"Drowning by Numbers"</b> by composer Michael Nyman. The original piece is also heard after each of the drownings in the screenplay.
Notables examples of other sinfonie concertanti include those written by Johann Christian Bach (1770-80) , Joseph Haydn (1792), Saint-Saëns’s Symphony No. 3 (1886), and <b>Benjamin Britten</b>’s Cello Symphony (1963).</p></main><<nobr>>
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<main class="drydeath"><h1>1</h1><p>
Upon my final breath
My truest name will be revealed
And outshine my given self.
The fall, two thirds,
The rise to second
Mark the change to silphidae,
To hyphae and mere chemistry.
And so on and so forth
Through crevices and granites
Through oustretched roots
Until I'll brush a bedroom window
A wisteria in full bloom
Upon a wedding day.</p>
<h1>2</h1>
<p>Armed with blade in hand and traced the volume eyed by students casting scale stabbing seedling page I have cut dissected notes and shapes and letters all and shaped them to the likes of me but not of present grief so that standing there scanning sights and stressing sighs with common air there stands the twin I'd never known whose casual grip now mutters thin now let us walk.</p></main>
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<td>[[Death by Drowning]]</td>
<td><<if hasVisited("Five Fathoms Deep", "When I am laid in earth", "Cantus in Memoriam", "Drowning by Numbers", "Oliver James", "Corpus Christi Carol", "The Lake of Innisfree", "Totentanz", "Henry Purcell", "Benjamin Britten", "Sinfonia Concertante", "Finnegans Wake", "Pieter Bruegel the Elder", "William Shakespeare", "Gormenghast", "War Requiem", "William Blake", "Virginia Woolf", "Paradise Lost", "Posthumous Publishing", "It is ill to go against the flow", "Writer Artists", "War Poets", "Minimalism")>> [[A Dry Death]] <<else>><h1> $visited / 25 </h1><</if>>
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<</nobr>><<nobr>>
<<display topnavbar>>
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[[The Lake of Innisfree]]
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<td><h1>3</h1></td>
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<td>[[Henry Purcell]]</td>
<td><h1>Finnegans Wake</h1></td>
<td>[[Totentanz]]</td>
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</table>
<</nobr>><main><p>"Finnegans Wake" is a book by Irish writer James Joyce. It has been called "a work of fiction which combines a body of fables... with the work of analysis and deconstruction".
It is significant for its experimental style and reputation as one of the most difficult works in the Western canon. The entire book is written in a largely idiosyncratic language, which blends standard English words with neologistic portmanteau words and puns in multiple languages to unique effect.
Many critics believe the technique was Joyce's attempt to recreate the experience of sleep and dreams, because of the way concepts, people and places become amalgamated in dream consciousness.
The book discusses, in an unorthodox fashion, the Earwicker family, comprising the father HCE, the mother ALP, and their three children Shem the Penman, Shaun the Postman, and Issy.
Following an unspecified rumour about HCE, the book, in a nonlinear dream narrative, follows his wife's attempts to exonerate him with a letter, his sons' struggle to replace him, Shaun's rise to prominence, and a final monologue by ALP at the break of dawn.
The opening line of the book is a sentence fragment which continues from the book's unfinished closing line, making the work a never-ending cycle.
In presenting these events, Joyce draws from innumerable sources, historical figures, and concepts: from the works of Giovanni Battista Vico to the Egyptian Book of the Dead, from Tristan and King Mark to Napoleon and Nelson, from Humpty Dumpty to Adam, and from <b>Blake</b>’s Four Zoas to Tantric philosophy.
The book also references several elements of Irish mythology, folklore, and geography, such as Howth Hill, the river Liffey, St Patrick at the Mount of Tara, Fionn Mac Cumhaill, and the lakes of <b>Lough Gill</b> and Glendalough.</p>
<div class="poem"><p>Then Nuvoletta reflected for the last time in her little long life and she made up all her myriads of drifting minds in one. She cancelled all her engauzements. She climbed over the bannistars; she gave a childy cloudy cry: Nuée! Nuée!
A lightdress fluttered. She was gone. And into the river that had been a stream (for a thousand of tears had gone eon her and come on her and she was stout and struck on dancing and her muddied name was Missisliffi) there fell a tear, a singult tear, the loveliest of all tears (I mean for those crylove fables fans who are 'keen' on the prettypretty commonface sort of thing you meet by hopeharrods) for it as a leaptear.</p></div></main><<nobr>>
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[[William Blake]]
[[Virginia Woolf]]
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[[Benjamin Britten]]
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<td>[[Gormenghast]]</td>
<td><h1>War Requiem</h1></td>
<td>[[William Blake]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>The War Requiem, Op. 66, is a large-scale setting of the Requiem composed by <b>Benjamin Britten</b> mostly in 1961 and completed in January 1962.
The War Requiem was performed for the consecration of the new Coventry Cathedral, which was built after the original fourteenth-century structure was destroyed in a World War II bombing raid.
The traditional Latin texts are interspersed, in telling juxtaposition, with extra-liturgical <b>poems by Wilfred Owen, written during World War I</b>.
For the opening performance, it was intended that the soloists should be Galina Vishnevskaya (a Russian), Peter Pears (an Englishman) and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (a German), to demonstrate a spirit of unity. Close to the premiere, the Soviet authorities did not permit Vishnevskaya to travel to Coventry for the event, although she was later permitted to leave to make the recording in London.
At Britten's request, there was no applause following the performance.
It was a triumph, and critics and audiences at this and subsequent performances in London and abroad hailed it as a contemporary masterpiece.
In 1988, the British film director Derek Jarman made a screen adaptation of War Requiem of the same title, with the 1963 recording as the soundtrack, produced by Don Boyd and financed by the BBC.
In 2019, War Requiem was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[War Poets]]
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[[Finnegans Wake]]
</header>
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<td>[[William Blake]]</td>
<td><h1>Virginia Woolf</h1></td>
<td>[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]</td>
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<</nobr>><main><p>Adeline Virginia Woolf (25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device. While other contemporaries used this device
Her best-known works include the novels "Mrs Dalloway" (1925), "To the Lighthouse" (1927), and "Orlando" (1928).
She is also known for her essays, including "A Room of One's Own" (1929). Woolf believed that to break free of a patriarchal society women writers needed a "room of their own" to develop, and often fantasised about an "Outsider's Society" where women writers would create a virtual private space for themselves via their writings to develop a feminist critique of society. Though Woolf never created the "Outsider's society", she did found a small publishing house with her husband, Leonard Woolf, in 1917. The Hogarth Press, named after their house in Richmond, was the closest approximation as the Woolfs chose to publish books by writers that took <b>unconventional points of view</b> to form a reading community.
After completing the manuscript of her last novel "Between the Acts"(1941), Woolf fell into depression, triggered by a series of events such as the onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and the cool reception given to her biography.
On 28 March 1941, <b>Woolf drowned herself</b> by filling her overcoat pockets with stones and walking into the River Ouse near her home. Her body was not found until 18 April.</p></main><<nobr>>
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[[Writer Artists]]
[[It is ill to go against the flow]]
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<div class="container">
<div class="start">
[[Death by Drowning]]
<p><b>Archival Variations</b></p></div>
<div class="colophon"><p>
Jack Freckleton Sturla<br>
October 2021<br></p></div>
</div>
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